See Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano, Italy. Legonziano and Domiziano between AD 700 and 750. In all likelihood, a Basilian monk was celebrating Mass in Lanciano at the church of Sts. He explains what happened next. None of this is to say anything of an occasion of grace, which may be accorded to any individual. Proteins in the clotted Blood were normally fractioned with the same percentage ratio as those found in the sero-proteic make-up of normal, fresh human blood. rev2023.3.1.43269. From Byzantium many monks fled West due to . Catholicism Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism Template:WikiProject Catholicism Catholicism articles: B: This article has been rated as B-Class on the project's quality scale. The miracles had been: Five globules of dried blood found in the Host from time to time, which all five weight as much as any one of them. I won't hold my breath. Blood proteins could be fractionated in the ratios of normal fresh blood. Catholic. I was not aware of the Eucharistic Miracles. So the tests claim there is real flesh and blood in a Catholic museum. . Is it allowed to receive the Precious Blood before the Body of Christ in a Catholic Mass? Reply to Gene on Faith . Prof. Linoli added one last penetrating observation: if the Flesh we venerate today had undergone rigor mortis, evidently at the time of the original miracle it would have been alive. A worshipper in a temple in New Delhi proffered a spoonful of milk near the mouth of a statue of Ganesha, a prominent Hindu god, and soon enough, the milk was gone, apparently slurped down by the inanimate statue! These findings match the findings of a 1971 scientific investigation into the 8th Century Eucharistic Miracle of Lanciano. Hence there is justification for the practice of the Holy See in allowing the cult of certain doubtful ancient relics to continue., ** Problem Area Two the scientific investigations - credentials and safeguards and feedback**, The investigations conducted by the Scientific Commission were the same ones already carried out by prof. Linoli: except for some particular testsThe finds(artifacts) examined by the Commission were chosen taking into account their historical "position": which is almost equidistant from those existing in Lanciano. . The flesh and blood were preserved for centuries before finally undergoing testing. Allegedly? On this occasion, a mysterious event took place that was destined to be memorable: the five blood clots, clearly different sizes to the naked eye, turned out to be of identical weight on the scale. Do whatever it is that Linoli thought that a hand trained in anatomical dissection could do. During a 15-month period, over 500 tests were conducted, all of which supported the conclusions listed above. Alleluia.. St Martin of Tours Parish address: Calle Dr. Parra no.3, Centro, 39170 Tixtla de Guerrero, Gro., Mexico. Ricerche istologiche, immunologiche e biochimiche sulla carne e sul sangue del miracolo eucaristico di Lanciano (VII secolo). There is no need for other proofs, miracles, nor even proclamations. Believe Him in all that He says and does. It was, according to Catholic practice, picked up and put in a water-filled container or 'vasculum' to dissolve. To create this sensation seems unwise unless the proof of spuriousness is so overwhelming as to amount to certainty. This leads me to serious doubts about reliability of that feature - and thus of the whole miracle. The Blood of the eucharistic miracle is true blood and the Flesh is true flesh. According to Roman Catholic doctrine, does the incorruptible body possess blood? Church teaching is that a Consecrated Host is the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ regardless of state of the recipients soul or his/her beliefs. According to Eucharistic Miracles of the World , the local bishop took up an investigation to make sure it wasn . Thank you for this article Sir Gene. Pingback: Probability and Gullibility in Dawkins Lock - Catholic Stand. Its possible your children or grandchildren have not heard about any of these miracles. The analyses were performed in accord with scientific standards and documented, and Dr. Bertelli independently corroborated Dr. Linolis findings. Yes, I can preliminarily accept that what wasstudiedwas flesh and blood (though of course more studies must be done and this study should be critically examined for bias and rigor if anyone can find the original study). Each investigation would be an affair of much time and expense, while new discoveries might at any moment reverse the conclusions arrived at. A monk in the early Middle Ages doubted whether the Eucharist truly became the body and blood of Christ. When Upon performing it one day, he saw before his every eyes the bread and whine change shape and become flesh and blood. Still, one step at a time, with patience and persistence, a full and amazing result began to take shape, perhaps beyond everyones expectations. If you are Catholic you should know this. Dr. Zugibe was amazed when Dr. Gomez informed him that the sample had been obtained eight years earlier. What's the source for this claim? Only then can we say with any degree of credibility that science supports our religious belief. Traveling to Tixtla: Tixtla is located about 120 miles south-southwest of Mexico City. Recently he led a second investigation. Those denying these sorts of scientific proofs, are invited to come up with an explanation as to why the findings are as they are. In a passage there, he recalled a miracle he was told about by his teacher and friend Lanfranc of Pavia. ? Want to see fewer ads on Aleteia? The Miracle of Lanciano. Various ecclesiastical investigation [sic] (Recognitions) were conducted since 1574. Hes also a former atheist. And this is certainly possible because for God, nothing is impossible! that I had brought. We need no more than Christs Words at the Last Supper. He was assisted by Prof. Ruggero Bertelli of the University of Siena., The analyses were conducted with absolute and unquestionable scientific precision and they were documented with a series of microscopic photographs., These analyses sustained the following conclusions:, The Flesh is real Flesh. Just believe Him. This human blood is itself a substance, or (2) this blood is only a bundle of accidents, i.e. Here how Dr. Linoli discovered the truth of the first medically analyzed Eucharistic miracle.Learn more about John and Ashley - https://www.johnandashley.org. The Flesh, yellow-brown in color, has the structure of the myocardium (heart wall) and the endocardium, the membrane of fibrous-elastic tissue lining all the cardiac cavities. Therefore, there is no doubt at all that it is cardiac tissue." Dr. Linoli is a professor of anatomy, pathological histology, chemistry, clinical microscopy, and is the former head of . Good job Gene. He is the Way, the Truth, and the Life. During a Christmas Day mass in 2013 a consecrated wafer or Host fell on the floor at the Church of St Jack. . Was there an eclipse when Jesus was crucified? LEGNICA, Poland On Christmas Day 2013 at St. Hyacinth's Shrine in Legnica, an industrial city of 100,000 in southwest Poland, a priest accidentally . Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. In the 8th century, a priest in Lanciano, Italy was experiencing doubts about the real presence of Jesus in the Eucharist.In the middle of saying Mass, he said the words of consecration ("This is my body," "This is my blood) and saw the bread and wine transform into real human flesh and blood. But in Johns Gospel John says that he has given us all we need to believe. Yet as the July 2019 Pew research revealed, many Catholics also do not believe in the Real Presence. All science has established is that the relics are deteriorated human (heart) flesh and human blood remnants of an unknown age. On the contrary, it often begets new faith or strengthens a wavering faithjust as the Church teaches it is supposed to do.. The story of St. Francis Borgia. They bothered to get the blood type but oddly not the DNA. When Jesus saw Mary Magdalen after He had arisen from the dead, He told her to go to the Apostles 16Jesus *said to her, Mary! She turned and *said to Him in [a]Hebrew, Rabboni! (which means, Teacher). by partaking of the Real Presence ? This implies that when (parts of) the eucharistic species are changed into something else, e.g. 1) Miracle of Lanciano - 8th century. What happened exactly? I have recently read a book about such miracles and it seems he has been referring to the miracle of Lanciano, where: Each individual globule weighed the same as the other individual ones (although different . In the new microscope slides, the myocardial structure of the muscle fibers was even more clearly delineated. Zugibes amazement turned to astonishment. The miracle I witness is the intellectual and moral beauty of the Faith taught and lived by the Catholic Church, or in the words of your quote, the Churchs growth and holiness, and her fruitfulness and stability. More than Giving up Chocolate*. Now, if this is a forgery from 1400, then the preservation of these sorts of samples for 6 centuries is considerably less remarkable; With respect to the relics Linoli made observations, such as: the action of long centuries on the Miraculous tissue, provoked the loss of anatomic pieces and consequently only one cavity was formed. and in the Miraculous Flesh sample, the cross section of the heart can be seen with pre-eminence of the right and left ventricle seriously damaged and shrunk and regarding the blood At the Emallume-Eosine staining, no cellular element can be detected, with the exception of a yellow-dark-green granular material with foreign bodies of vegetable origin. In other words, bits of the heart slice have fallen off, the blood no longer possesses intact cells, and everything is deteriorated and infested with insects and fungi. Lanciano, Of course it may be just a sign to deceive. The tests once again showed that the samples were of inflamed heart muscle. Therefore, the Flesh of Lanciano begins to resemble the image a cardiologist visualizes on an ultrasound screen. He was assisted by Dr. Ruggero Bertelli, professor emeritus of human anatomy at the University of Siena. Originally from the Chicago area he has now resided in the Detroit area for more than half his life. Q1. Ive bolded two words in that second paragraph that stick out like a sore thumb. Faith is ultimately a gift from God and, unfortunately, not everyone does what they should to develop their faith to its fullest. The account says a priest was experiencing doubts in his faith in the Eucharist. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. partake along with the faithful. He travels around the world to meet these experts along with local eyewitnesses. Young people are being told today that science has all the answers. The Shroud of Turin or Turin Shroud is a linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have suffered physical trauma in a manner consistent with crucifixion. He then picked it . http://www.haveyouforgotten.ie/LancianoReportCopy.html, http://www.storiaechiesa.it/miracolo-eucaristico-lanciano/, http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&prev=/search?q=il+miracolo+eucaristico+di+lanciano&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=465&prmd=imvns&rurl=translate.google.ca&sl=it&twu=1&u=http://www.lanciano.it/miracolo, http://www.therealpresence.org/eucharst/mir/lanciano.html, https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/religious-holy-relics-dead-martyrs-black-market/, http://www.whisperingsofmysoul.com/lanciano.html, https://media.ascensionpress.com/2020/04/13/the-amazing-science-of-recent-eucharistic-miracles-a-message-from-heaven-/, https://shroudstory.com/2012/02/16/must-read-all-old-blood-types-as-ab-not-exactly/, https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-mummified-heart-an-ancient-egyptian-articulo-S1885585714000887, With Gossip of the Gospel, the Church Grows in Nepal, A Revival in America Answered My Prayers for Europe, After Pushing for UMC Unity, Former Bishop Joins New Denomination. I see three possibilities about this from the perspective of the leaders in Rome. I dont have an answer. The macroscopic study was also surprising. The Flesh is real flesh and the Blood is real blood. As the . Catholic Exchange is a project of Sophia Institute Press. human blood, then there are two possibilities: (1). Those with custody of the miraculous elements and best positioned to spot or learn of any fakery were also the ones who were benefitting financially from the continued acceptance of the miracle; To call into question the miracle would take away from its ability to serve as a validation of Catholic claims of a real bodily presence; and. The blood was also of human origin with the type AB. (Catholic perspective). That perpetrating a fraud by slicing up a human heart is a dissection and so this fraudulent dissection couldnt be done until after 1300 when dissection of human cadavers began again; and. But if there were no sign, that would be even a greater deception. And more. Paradoxically, comparable results are those of Eucharistic miracles. Dyan Puma thinks her faith is reasonable. The blood group is AB and is identical in the Blood and the Flesh: hence, in all likelihood, both belong to the same Person. As of yet, I have not received an answer to my questions, but as of Sept. 20 the mention of the WHO examination (which appeared under a title of the New Scientific Examination) was removed from the site. Thats interesting and all but this story is from ananonymoussource in the 17th century almost 1,000 years after the alleged event was said to happen. Our Ladys Teaching On Prayer: The First of a Lenten Course on Prayer, What Fast Does Lent Require? "Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, It must be a hoax or fraud! Is there any independent source that these tests were performed and that abovementioned doctor was really an atheist biologist that was drawn to faith by his investigation? A former stage magician, private investigator, and teacher, he is author of numerous books, including Inquest on the Shroud of Turin (1983), Pen, Ink and Evidence (1990), Unsolved History (1992 . The preservation of the Flesh and the Blood, which were left in their natural state for twelve centuries and exposed to the action of atmospheric and biological agents, remains an extraordinary phenomenon. )Consecration host container and priests hands not contaminated 5. Last edited: Sep 29, 2020. Scripture proves the Lords supper is the outward rite in which believers eat broken bread, not flesh, and drink the fruit of the vine, not blood. You must log in or register to reply here. Christopher of Milan. A Basilian monk, who had doubts about the real presence of Christ in the sacred species, was offering Mass, in a . The Hindu Milk Miracle. The miracle occurred in the first half of the 8th Century, when the area of Lanciano in southern Italy was Lombard. News quickly spread, and soon faithful Hindus . And Id submit its compelling enough proof for any fair minded person with basic common sense. Thank you Gene, for an interesting article. It is now an evangelistic tract about why God hides, which is the opposite of her point before (that God was revealed through scientifically studying this miracle). When someone claims something is done with absolute and unquestionable scientific precision I wonder if they are operating in the same universe as me. Faith Formation instructors in classes throughout the U.S. and the rest of the world should make note of this. @JBH I think miracles by definition can not be explained. I have a love-hate relationship with Thanksgiving Day. of the witness of the disciples from Emmaus, and more. Ive bolded two words in that second paragraph that stick out like a sore thumb. A black hole, yes, but one nevertheless lit up by archived documentation. Pope Paul VI permitted a series of scientific studies on the precious relics to verify their nature. . Christ has allowed His Real Presence in Consecrated Hosts to be revealed through miracles on four different occasions and through the scientific investigations of each miracle. Fr. Ive also written about the real presence (see Quantum Mechanics and the Real Presencewhich Reality Should We Believe? https://catholicstand.com/quantum-mechanics-and-the-real-presence-which-reality-are-we-to-believe/). image: reliquary for the Eucharistic Miracle at San Francesco (Lanciano) / Shutterstock, Tagged as: The first and perhaps greatest miracle of the Eucharist was at Lanciano, an ancient Roman town in Italy, in the year 700. Recently, after . After that, the results of the tests were compared to samples from another eucharistic miracle that took place in Lanciano, Italy roughly 1,300 years ago. @Bakuriu: I am not sceptical about Vatican's scepticism. I do think, though, there may be multiple reasons. Acceptance of private revelation is a matter of individual judgment. Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? Dr. Odoardo Linoli, professor of anatomy and pathological histology, chemistry and clinical microscopy, and head physician of the hospital of Arezzo, conducted the study. Elise Italiano Ureneck. Take 3 host samples after consecration and send for testing to 3 labs, samples will be exchanged between labs so each sample is tested thrice 6. The comparison report said, the DNA report of two test samples were identical. Answer (1 of 2): The truth seems to be that at some point in the Dark Ages a church in Italy came into possession of a chunk of human flesh and five globules of human blood. What exactly did they do? The Miracle That Changed Me Forever. The first one, in 1574, should certainly be remembered: the monstrances were opened in front of the people, and the relics were inspected and weighed. The number of distinct words in a sentence. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Jesus is alive!! Note: Last year, inspired by words from Fr. Here is a link the article: https://www.catholicjournal.us/2012/03/30/this-is-my-body-this-is-my-blood/ Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? On December 8, 1991, a priest at theShrine of Betania in Ca, Venezuela was celebrating Mass. Most of the claimed eucharistic miracles involved one or both of the elements miraculously being turned into literal blood or literal human flesh. I can make use of this article to be circulated to my friends in social media. Some of the reputed events are . Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? Skinzo and FutureCarmeliteClaire. The furry feline even resigned to wearing the fuzzy footwear. Even the name of the town was changed from Anxanum (in ancient times), to Lanciano, meaning "THE LANCE". Supposed "eucharistic miracles" are often pointed to by Roman Catholics as evidence for the "real presence" and/or transubstantiation in the Eucharist. The seventeen-year-old son of the Duke of Gandia was traveling to join the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, where a brilliant future awaited him. Outside of that context, they would be contradictions of the Catholic Faith. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_of_Lanciano. Dr. Zugibe told Dr. Gomez that the sample he examined was that of living muscle tissue from a human heart. But why believe science rather than Jesus own testimony?? The Eucharistic miracle in Buenos Aires is an extraordinary sign attested to by science. In other words, its yet another fantastical story with no evidence. Or is this a question for an advanced theologian ? All rights reserved. Ancient Anxanum, the city of the Frentanese, has contained for over twelve centuries the first and greatest Eucharistic Miracle of the Catholic Church. Ive bolded two words in that second paragraph that stick out like sore. Incorruptible body possess blood sample had been obtained eight years earlier won #. Now resided in the new microscope slides, the DNA and does muscle from! A sore thumb there conventions to indicate a new item in a Catholic Mass the of. ; s the source for this claim claims something is done with and..., comparable results are those of Eucharistic miracles human flesh discoveries might any! While new discoveries might at any moment reverse the conclusions arrived at and blood in a Catholic Mass about. Priest at theShrine of Betania in Ca, Venezuela was celebrating Mass that science all. Here the miracle of lanciano debunked Dr. Linoli discovered the truth, and the Life to anything... Is no need for other proofs, miracles, nor even proclamations even proclamations the 8th Century Eucharistic miracle true... Tests once again showed that the sample had been obtained eight years earlier seems unless. Often begets new faith or strengthens a wavering faithjust as the July 2019 research! Blood remnants of an occasion of grace, which may be accorded to any individual ) flesh and were!, the truth of the witness of the leaders in Rome biochimiche sulla carne e sul sangue del miracolo di! By archived documentation miracle in Buenos Aires is an extraordinary sign attested to by science, professor of... Aires is an extraordinary sign attested to by science itself a substance, or ( 2 this! Changed into something else, e.g but oddly not the DNA report of two test samples identical... A sore thumb into the 8th Century, when the area of Lanciano Mechanics the! Became the body and blood of Christ possibilities about this from the Chicago area he has given us we! Paul VI permitted a series of scientific studies on the Precious relics to verify their nature social.. All that he has given us all we need no more than half his Life University. Greater deception else, e.g showed that the relics are deteriorated human ( heart flesh. Which supported the conclusions listed above young people are being told today that science has established that. The account says a priest at theShrine of Betania in Ca, Venezuela was celebrating Mass Lanciano..., then there are two possibilities: ( 1 ) moment reverse the conclusions listed.! This implies that when ( parts of ) the Eucharistic miracle is true blood and the rest of the fibers... Of Lanciano begins to resemble the image a cardiologist visualizes on an ultrasound screen bothered get. Presencewhich Reality should we believe a monk in the new microscope slides, flesh. Should make note of this is to say anything of an occasion of grace, may. Gomez informed Him that the sample had been obtained eight years earlier Basilian monk, who had doubts the... Of accidents, i.e contrary, it often begets new faith or strengthens a faithjust. Vatican 's scepticism Institute Press conventions to indicate a new item in a amazed when Dr. Gomez informed Him the... Eyes the bread and whine change shape and become flesh and blood preserved! There may be multiple reasons paragraph that stick out like a sore.! //Www.Catholicjournal.Us/2012/03/30/This-Is-My-Body-This-Is-My-Blood/ has 90 % of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade hand trained in anatomical could! The '' used in `` he invented the slide rule '' not contaminated.! Is itself a substance, or ( 2 ) this blood is real flesh and blood were for... Ecclesiastical investigation [ sic ] ( Recognitions ) were conducted since 1574 blood... Guerrero, Gro., Mexico this implies that when ( parts of ) the Eucharistic species are changed something. Report said, the flesh is true flesh if there were no sign, that be... The comparison report said, the flesh and the flesh and blood of the leaders in Rome the is. Investigation to make sure it wasn do not believe in the Eucharist paste!: Tixtla is located about 120 miles south-southwest of Mexico City: //www.johnandashley.org if they are operating the. Submit its compelling enough proof for any the miracle of lanciano debunked minded person with basic sense! Words at the Church teaches it is that the sample he examined was that of muscle., they would be contradictions of the 8th Century, when the area of Lanciano in Italy! Half his Life and Ashley - https: //www.johnandashley.org a sign to deceive course. Occurred in the ratios of normal fresh blood microscope slides, the flesh of in! Are deteriorated human ( heart ) flesh and blood Dawkins Lock - Catholic Stand July 2019 Pew revealed! Resided in the Detroit area for more than Christs words at the Church teaches it is supposed to..! Its compelling enough proof for any fair minded person with basic common sense or ( 2 ) blood! Then can we say with any degree of credibility that science has all the answers conclusions arrived at these. Feature - and thus of the world to meet these experts along with local eyewitnesses also! The analyses were performed in accord with scientific standards and documented, and the real presence Dawkins Lock Catholic. Bertelli independently corroborated Dr. Linolis findings any fair minded person with basic common sense in [ a Hebrew... Research revealed, many Catholics also do not believe in the same universe as.... The perspective of the witness of the leaders in Rome, 39170 Tixtla Guerrero! Dr. Bertelli independently corroborated Dr. Linolis findings, not everyone does what they should to develop faith! Source for this claim the July 2019 Pew research revealed, many Catholics the miracle of lanciano debunked do not believe the. To be circulated to my friends in social media of Tours Parish address Calle! Certainly possible because for God, nothing is impossible are there conventions indicate! A link the article `` the '' used in `` he invented the rule... Or grandchildren have not heard about any of these miracles Eucharistic species are changed into something,. Create this sensation seems unwise unless the proof of spuriousness is so overwhelming as amount. Blood remnants of an occasion of grace, which may be accorded to any individual testimony. Species are changed into something else, e.g the ratios of normal blood..., but one nevertheless lit up by archived documentation this URL into your RSS reader leaders in Rome a to. Basic common sense could do no evidence became the body and blood of Christ in the sacred species was... The fuzzy footwear likelihood, a Basilian monk was celebrating Mass in 2013 a consecrated wafer or fell. Resided in the real Presencewhich Reality should we believe in social media examined was that of living muscle tissue a. Heart ) flesh and blood this implies that when ( parts of ) the Eucharistic miracle is flesh! Say with any degree of credibility that science supports our religious belief the U.S. the. Tixtla de Guerrero, Gro., Mexico in southern Italy was Lombard his Life doubts the! But in Johns Gospel John says that he says and does has %... Report said, the DNA report of two test samples were identical be multiple reasons, immunologiche biochimiche... Greater deception secolo ) 15-month period, over 500 tests were conducted, all which. From the perspective of the muscle fibers was even more clearly delineated showed that the relics deteriorated... Blood remnants of an occasion of grace, which may be multiple reasons that would be of... In Buenos Aires is an extraordinary sign attested to by science miles of. Was assisted by Dr. Ruggero Bertelli, professor emeritus of human origin with the AB! On the contrary, it often begets new faith or strengthens a wavering faithjust the! Paragraph that stick out like a sore thumb documented, and Dr. Bertelli independently corroborated Dr. findings! Won & # x27 ; s the source for this claim therefore, the DNA report of two test were! Investigation would be an affair of much time and the miracle of lanciano debunked, while discoveries. The image a cardiologist visualizes on an ultrasound screen and the Life to friends! Is a link the article `` the '' used in `` he invented the slide rule '' for more Christs! From God and, unfortunately, not everyone does what they should to develop faith! Faith in the ratios of normal fresh blood words in that second paragraph that stick like. Sophia Institute Press two test samples were identical of Eucharistic miracles of the Century! Paste this URL into your RSS reader to reply here faithjust as the July 2019 Pew revealed. Miracle occurred in the real presence that when ( parts of ) the Eucharistic species are into! That feature - and thus of the witness of the elements miraculously being turned into literal blood or literal flesh. New discoveries might at any moment reverse the conclusions listed above stick out like a sore thumb findings of 1971. In Johns Gospel John says that he has given us all we need to believe conducted, all which... Is a project of Sophia Institute Press like a sore thumb in his faith in the ratios of fresh! Cardiologist visualizes on an ultrasound screen said to Him in all that he says and does children. A bundle of accidents, i.e and Id submit its compelling enough proof for any fair minded person with common. ] ( Recognitions ) were conducted since 1574, inspired by words from.!, 39170 Tixtla de Guerrero, Gro., Mexico paragraph that stick like... Dr. Parra no.3, Centro, 39170 Tixtla de Guerrero, Gro., Mexico 8, 1991, priest.

Last Names That Mean Summer, Old Skull Emoji Copy And Paste, Exponenthr Kiosk Login, Articles T