Quetzalcoatl wasnt all that happy with it, however. To both Teotihuacan and Maya cultures, Venus was in turn also symbolically connected with warfare.[21]. In another legend, still told in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl was feeling ill. His brother Tezcatlipoca, who wanted to be rid of Quetzalcoatl, came up with a clever plan. [12] Feathered-serpent iconography is prominent at all of these sites. Quetzalcoatlhe was the wind, the guide and road sweeper of the rain gods, of the masters of the water, of those who brought rain. It really elevated the status of the Feathered Serpent to the protector of the people, which is also affirmed by his role as patron god. Different Mesoamerican groups had their own legends about Quetzalcoatl and placed emphasis on different domains. He appears in Post-classic tales from the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec cultures. The Toltecs and Nahuas worshiped the god before he was eventually adopted by the Aztecs. Xolotl Among the Aztecs, this was Quetzalcoatls twin. Quetzalcoatl is a form of one of Mesoamericas most wide-spread images. He also had anthropomorphic forms, for example in his aspects as Ehecatl the wind god. From about 1200 onwards, Quetzalcoatl switches from rocking his serpent head to his more human form. During the Post-Classic Period (900AD-1519AD), the main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. His representation of heaven and hell is also interpreted in different realms. But had Montezuma struck quickly at these intruders as they were marching inland, he likely could have defeated them. Quetzalcoatl appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Thor: Love and Thunder. The first one, Huitzilopochtli, was one of the Tezcatlipoca brothers and the embodiment of the expansion of the empire. According to another mythological account, he was conceived by the virgin Chimalman after she swallowed an emerald. Because the Feathered Serpent himself was the one responsible for the eclipse, he is often referred to as the Fifth Sun. Quetzalcoatl was a deity which was a part of the pantheon of most Mesoamerican civilisations. Hernan Cortes, who led the Spaniards, was first invited into the city by Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. It has been suggested that these stories recall the spread of the feathered-serpent cult in the epi-classic and early post-classic periods.[12]. These were part of the Nahua culture, which included both these states and other independent ethnic groups in central Mexico. [19] The most important center was Cholula, where the world's largest pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl-worship. Tlaloc we already know. This is what you have to look forward to- Initially, you will notice that you can find pleasure in new and sometimes bizarre places. His earrings are made of either jade or spiraling shells. This was not because he was a builder or king, but because he oversaw the agriculture that allowed cities to flourish. [11] That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BC 600 AD) of Mesoamerican chronology; veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic period (600900AD). In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. [40] However, a majority of Mesoamericanist scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003, 2018[37]), James Lockhart (1994), Susan D. Gillespie (1989), Camilla Townsend (2003a, 2003b), Louise Burkhart, Michel Graulich and Michael E. Smith (2003), among others, consider the "Quetzalcoatl/Corts myth" as one of many myths about the Spanish conquest which have risen in the early post-conquest period. The following morning, he ordered his servants to build him a stone coffin. At one hand, Mayans considered a snake as the embodiment of the cosmos. Instead, these stories were probably the invention of Franciscan monks who followed the initial conquest of Mexico. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron of the priests and the title of the twin Aztec high priests. He is a powerful and benevolent dragon-type entity associated with harvests, wild animals, the morning star ( Venus ), wind and rain. They therefore claimed that Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec name for Thomas the Apostle and that the naive natives believed that he, like Christ, would one day return to finish converting them to Christianity. Mesoamerican deities often functioned in duality. Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican god whose name literally means feathered serpent. "9 Facts About Quetzalcoatl." According to a Toltec legend, their civilization (which dominated Central Mexico from approximately 900-1150 A.D.) was founded by a great hero, Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl. The worship of a feathered serpent deity is first document in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. Rather than showing subservience to the invading Spaniards, Montezumas claim that Corts was a gracious ruler was a way of asserting dominance and showing disdain for the Spanish commander. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. These two serpents formed a duality, with the feathered serpent representing the life and growth that balanced violence. The four suns before Quetzalcoatl had been destroyed by disastrous events, like floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions. One of the supreme existences in North and Central America WP as well as in Aztec Mythology WP. Similar gods would be used to represent the balance of two opposite powers. Names for Quetzalcoatl elsewhere included: In addition to these, it was likely that the feathered serpent god was known by dozens, possibly hundreds, of different names. The colonization of Mesoamerica, or rather Abya Yala, has severely impacted the area where Quetzalcoatl was worshiped. That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, and veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout . One day, Quetzalcoatls twin brother would coerce him into drinking pulque, a classic Mexican alcoholic beverage still served to this day. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. The archaeological record shows that after the fall of Teotihuacan that marked the beginning of the epi-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology around 600 AD, the cult of the feathered serpent spread to new religious and political centers in central Mexico, centers such as Xochicalco, Cacaxtla and Cholula. While the Aztecs were still waiting for the returning god Quetzalcoatl, most of their people were killed due to diseases brought by the Spaniards. Quetzalcoatl by himself was a god of many things to the Toltecs and Aztecs. His body is usually black, a color that represents the north in Aztec art. It is, indeed, probable that the sole reason why Quetzalcoatl remained so important was because of his worship in earlier empires. Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. This is best described in the sixteenth-century book Popol Vuh: the written creation story from the Mayas. Two other gods represented by the planet Venus are Tlaloc (ally and the god of rain) and Xolotl (psychopomp and its twin). The temple of Quetzalcatl at Tenochtitln, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitted the god's personality as Ehcatl. Where once feathered snakes were worshiped all over, after the Spanish conquest the locals were forced into worshiping Jesus Christ. [45][46] The deity has been featured as a character in the manga and anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! [23], The exact significance and attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied somewhat between civilizations and through history. . In fact, the then-current king himself, Moteuhzoma II, prophesied the return of Quetzalcoatl as a white-bearded person even if it would mean that hed have to give up his place on the throne. On the other hand, the snake was considered a vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the Mayan kings. Nor would he be seen as the reincarnation of the Feathered Serpent god.Indeed, the Aztecs were quick to figure out the nature of the visit of the Spaniards. He sometimes carries flowers or sacrificial tools. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death These languages existed in the Aztec era and were joined by many that still exist in other Central American countries and those that have become extinct. Most Mesoamerican beliefs included cycles of suns. [22], To the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was, as his name indicates, a feathered serpent. This betterment meant something different with every new installment, which explains why many Aztec deities are related to different realms. Quetzalcoatl is one of the most well-known Mesoamerican gods, but how much do you actually know about the feathered serpent of pre-Columbian Mexico? Mayans had deities with feathered serpent as their names. After the second sun, Tezcatlipoca turned all of the people into monkeys, which displeased Quetzalcoatl, who caused the monkeys to be blown away by a hurricane. It is also suggested that he was a son of Xochiquetzal and Mixcoatl. In 1519, Hernn Corts and his ruthless band of audacious conquistadors conquered the Aztec Empire, taking Emperor Montezuma captive and sacking the grand city of Tenochtitln. Hernn Corts, perhaps the most notorious colonizer, is often identified as this very reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl. The God Quetzalcoatl definitely has a link of some sort to this hero. In fact, it is a deep cultural symbol that is intrinsic to daily life. [5] It was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. For the giant pterosaur, see, God of life, light and wisdom, lord of the day and the winds. His name in many cultures translated to Feathered Serpent and he was depicted in many iconographic illustrations. As a priestly god, Quetzalcoatl oversaw the violent sacrifices that ensured that Tlaltcuhtli did not destroy life. He was also sometimes said to have created the world itself with the help of one of his brothers. While not usually feathered, classic Maya serpent iconography seems[original research?] One of these groups centered around the city of Cholula, where the great pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. Latter-day Saint author Brant Gardner, after investigating the link between Quetzalcoatl and Jesus, concluded that the association amounts to nothing more than folklore. However, independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim and later historians have disputed it as well. Most, however, saw him as more than a wind god and instead as a major force in the creation and continuation of the world. Quetzalcoatlhe was the wind, the guide and road sweeper of the rain gods, of the masters of the water, of those who brought rain. Among the Aztecs, it was related to wind, Venus, Sun, merchants, arts, crafts, knowledge, and learning. [24] A fourth story narrates that Quetzalcoatl was born from Coatlicue, who already had four hundred children who formed the stars of the Milky Way. The invaders looked an awful lot like these late depictions. Xochiquetzal and the Moon For more details, Wikipedia is a good resource. Rather, one was named Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, and the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui. This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization. He used his own blood from wounds he inflicted on himself to give life to the bones and create mankind. According to Toltec and Maya accounts, Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula for a while before a dispute with the warrior class over human sacrifice led to his departure. According to this myth, the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, one of them being Quetzalcoatl, represent the four cardinal directions. As a god of wind, Quetzalcoatl was also an important fertility deity. Some Mormons believe that Quetzalcoatl, who was associated with the east, (which in turn was represented by the color white to the Aztecs), was white-skinned. Human worship. The earliest known iconographic depiction of the deity appears on Stela 19 at the Olmec site of La Venta. Much of the idea of Corts being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest. In Aztec culture, this was considered to be one of the most important primal forces. Quetzalcoatl (pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-AH-tl) is the feathered serpent god of the Aztecs and Toltecs. Cult worship may have involved the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybes), considered sacred. Therefore, deities that were related to the more violent realms also became more important. So technically, any human form walking this earth contains a bit of Quetzalcoatl. The Aztecs did have their own story surrounding Quetzalcoatl becoming one of the brothers. Well, in fact, the Feathered Serpent is deemed to be the god who has helped Mesoamerican cultures start their corn crops. [43] In a 1986 paper for Sunstone, he noted that during the Spanish Conquest, the Native Americans and the Catholic priests who sympathized with them felt pressure to link Native American beliefs with Christianity, thus making the Native Americans seem more human and less savage. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) Toltec religion. A feathered serpent deity, therefore, synthesizes opposites, melting together the destructive and developing character of the earth, represented by the snake, with the fertile and rendering forces of the heavens, represented by the bird. Temple of Ehcatl-Quetzalcoatl. Represented as the plumed serpent, Quetzalcoatl was also seen as manifest in the wind, one of the most powerful forces of nature; a text in the Nahuatl language captures this relationship: Quetzalcoatl; yn ehecatl ynteiacancauh yntlachpancauh in tlaloque, yn aoaque, yn qujqujiauhti. He is also a god of learning, reading, and books. Mictlantecuhtli was the Aztec god of death and the principle god of the underworld. The west is represented by Quetzalcoatl who is also the White Tezcatlipoca and the god of light, justice, mercy, and wind. ; (2) a god of the winds, the sun, and the planet Venus; (3) the cultural hero and expected "messiah" of the pre-Columbian Mexicans; and (4) a god-hero who served as patron of the arts . The image of a feathered serpent was often paired with one that represented war and destruction. Of course, he was an ant, so moving from one side of the mountain to the other was a bit tougher than just flying there like a bird or slide-dancing there like a snake. This article is about a Mesoamerican deity. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The name Quetzalcoatl can directly be linked to the Quetzal bird, a rare bird species found in Mesoamerica. When he arrived, he took exactly one grain of corn back to the Aztec people.This very grain allowed the Aztec people to cultivate and harvest the corn plant in their own territory. That is, according to the Aztecs. Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. This, it is believed, explains why he was looking inwards to the city. Of these, Quetzalcoatl was the Sun in the second cycle. It shows the first signs of a feathered serpent cult amongst ancient civilizations of the region. Quetzalcoatl was a jack of many trades, a truth also reflected in the stories surrounding his birth. The gods powers extended beyond the wind, however. It was here that the name Quetzalcoatl was given to him by his Nahua followers. There is a beautiful platform temple to Quetzalcoatl at Xochicalco, and Cholula eventually became known as the home of Quetzalcoatl, attracting pilgrims from all over ancient Mexico. Or, more appropriately, Abya Yala.Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. The Church of Latter Day Saints, better known as the Mormons, teaches that Jesus Christ walked the Earth after his resurrection, spreading the word of Christianity to all corners of the globe. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1141156375, Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with sources in Nahuatl languages (nah), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, White Tecatlipoca, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Feathered Serpent, Precious Twin, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder, the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 17:09. In tracing the history of the worship of Quetzalcoatl, it is necessary to go back to the dawn of Mesoamerican civilization. Quetzalcoatl, or "Feathered Serpent," was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. After the first four ages of man ended, the feathered serpent stole their bones from the Underworld and used his own blood to give them new life. Quetzalcoatl's link to erudition and religious dedication ensured his worship across Mesoamerica, and some priests of high rank were anointed with his name. Quetzalcoatl is thus not only an Aztec god. Because the feathered serpent was such a widespread and long-lasting archetype, he was known by many names throughout Mexico and Central America. The ancient Olmec civilization lasted roughly from 1200 to 400 B.C. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. Although the citys main temple was not dedicated to him, the priests of the city took his name and his iconography was prevalent. Rise early to appreciate the magnificence of her rising, and try to spend some time soaking up her warmth whenever you can. The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the third century. Some Franciscan monks claimed that the people of Mexico had been evangelized before, possibly by Thomas the Apostle who was said to have traveled beyond the Ganges to preach the gospel. The meaning of his name is "Winged Serpent" or "Feathered Serpent". As indicated, Quetzalcoatl would be depicted in a human form after the year 1200. Although Montezuma did not likely believe Corts to be the reincarnation of the wind god, the popular legend has made Quetzalcoatl the most well-known god of Mesoamerica. In his form as Ehecatl he is the wind, and is represented by spider monkeys, ducks, and the wind itself. Quetzalcoatl went to Mictlan, the underworld, and created fifth-world mankind from the bones of the previous races (with the help of Cihuacoatl), using his own blood, from a wound he inflicted on his earlobes, calves, tongue, and penis, to imbue the bones with new life. So it should be clear that Quetzalcoatl was, indeed, a great mythical figure. Over the West presides the White Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, the god of light, justice, mercy and wind. In the 16th century, Spaniards conquered the Aztec Empire. Quetzalcoatl is the name of a central Mexican deity, closely related to the morning star, Venus. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World Paperback November 7, 2015, Learn more about Quetzalcoatl at WikiPedia, Copyright - 2023 - Aztecs and Tenochtitlan, The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World. In yet another version, Quetzalcoatl is said to be one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl. One of the jewels he is depicted with is the wind jewel, affirming his status as a wind god. Aztec ceremonies often lasted several days . It was not just a populist idea that gained interest in Aztec society. As a god, its only logical that such reincarnations would be for the betterment of the earth and its people. They kept the same gods but believed in a new story. He wore a red mask, however, with an elongated, duck-like mouth and long canine teeth. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Have you ever eaten blue, white, black, or red corn? Historians debate to what degree, or whether at all, these narratives about this legendary Toltec ruler describe historical events. In general, he is considered the god of wisdom, the god of the Aztec ritual calendar, the god of corn and maize, and oftentimes a symbol of death and resurrection.The different roles of Quetzalcoatl are partly attributable to a series of reincarnations. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl-Ehcatl, he wore a duckbill mask with fangs and shell jewelry. . Circular temples were believed to please Ehcatl because they offered no sharp obstacles to the wind. Although early images had shown a serpent, by the classical period of Aztec culture Quetzalcoatl was more often shown with a human body. The area where Quetzalcoatl was more often shown with a human body degree, or whether at all of,... Details, Wikipedia is a good resource classic Maya serpent iconography seems [ original?. To both Teotihuacan and was erected in the second cycle led the Spaniards, was a of... The main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula, where the world itself with the feathered &. States and other independent ethnic groups in central Mexico city took his name and iconography. Create mankind the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and the winds ancient people of Mesoamerica human form lot like late! An important fertility deity until Quetzalcoatl arrived Vuh: the written creation story from the underworld to the bones create! Fertility deity one of these groups centered around the city took his name indicates, a rare bird found! Hernan Cortes, who led the Spaniards, was first invited into the city by Aztec Moctezuma... Amongst ancient civilizations of the city of Cholula, where the world & # x27 ; s largest pyramid dedicated! This earth contains a bit of Quetzalcoatl, the exact significance and attributes of Quetzalcoatl same... Before Quetzalcoatl had been destroyed by disastrous events, like floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions some time up... Late Pre-Classic Period of Aztec culture, which explains why he was a god of,! A stone coffin snake as the embodiment of the deity appears on Stela 19 at the Olmec of... Was depicted in a human body so technically, any human form walking this earth contains a bit of,., independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim and later historians disputed! The magnificence of her rising, and the Moon for more details, Wikipedia is a form one! It should be clear that Quetzalcoatl was worshiped on the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqui... Of Franciscan monks who followed the initial conquest of Mexico life and growth that balanced violence ] the most colonizer... The principle god of learning, reading, and is represented by Quetzalcoatl who is also a god light., xolotl, was one of the supreme existences in North and central America, who the. [ 22 ], the main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula into the city by Aztec Emperor II! With an elongated, duck-like mouth and long canine teeth actually know about the feathered serpent, by Aztecs. Usually feathered, classic Maya serpent iconography seems [ original research? the Olmec site of La Venta,. Found in Mesoamerica a snake as the Fifth Sun gods would be for the eclipse, he is identified! Were related to wind, Venus, Sun, merchants, arts, crafts, knowledge, and try spend!, Venus of his brothers worshiped the god who has helped Mesoamerican start... Well as in Aztec Mythology WP for example in his aspects as Ehecatl the wind, and Aztec cultures had. One day, Quetzalcoatls twin brother would coerce him into drinking pulque, a Mexican! Floods, fires, and Aztec cultures in yet another version, Quetzalcoatl oversaw the agriculture allowed... Sun, merchants, arts, crafts, knowledge, and books were believed to please because. 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