4. ), Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. Moon-landing conspiracists focus heavily on NASA photos. About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur 8 mm film camera and these are also available. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you . "[35] In fact, NASA accounted for the cost of Apollo to the US Congress in 1973, totaling US$25.4 billion. Because von Braun was a former SS officer (though one who had been detained by the Gestapo),[170] the documentary film Did We Go? [4][5], These conspiracy theories have kept public interest for more than 40 years. The number of photos taken is implausibly high. Kubrick did hire Frederick Ordway and Harry Lange, both of whom had worked for NASA and major aerospace contractors, to work with him on 2001. 10. Sandusky's Plum Brook Station is an annex to the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio. The astronauts had relied on computers to aid in the Moon missions. Likewise, no commercial launch provider has yet come forward to fund the renovations necessary to make the B-2 usable.. In 2015, a report from NASAs inspector general made the disconcerting announcement that all but one of the major test facilities at Plum Brook Station had few or no customers. The movement of characters on the Moon in 2001 differs from that of the filmed movement of Apollo astronauts, and does not resemble an environment with 1/6 the gravity of Earth. See. 8. Page Editor: Robert Arrighi In August 2021, the facility was renamed to honor Apollo astronaut and Ohio native Neil Armstrong. [120], In July 2009, NASA indicated that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could re-use the tape. Plum Brook Station facilities including Space Propulsion Research Facility (foreground) and Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (upper left), Plum Brook Station (Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility). Rocket engines are the dark structures at the bottom center, The launch of a Titan II, burning hypergolic Aerozine-50/N2O4, 1.9MN (430,000lbf) of thrust. It shows the Earth with the correct background of stars, Long-exposure photo (1.6 seconds at f/2.8, ISO 10000) from the ISS in July 2011 of Space Shuttle Atlantis re-entry in which some stars are visible. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched their SELENE Moon orbiter on September 14, 2007 (JST), from Tanegashima Space Center. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. [33] Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time,[34] they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. Their flight paths were tracked using radar and they were sighted and photographed using telescopes. "[171] NASA continues to send teams to work in Antarctica to mimic the conditions on other planets. The combination of the Lewis Field and Plum Brook locations comprise over 6,800 acres of land and include 450 research and test facilities. [c] Hundreds of thousands of people including astronauts, scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled laborers would have had to keep the secret. No purchase necessary. In addition, safety officials considered several sites to be hazards. Short-exposure photo of the International Space Station (ISS) taken from Space Shuttle Atlantis in February 2008 during STS-122 one of many photos taken in space where no stars are visible, Earth and Mir in June 1995 an example of how sunlight can outshine the stars, making them invisible, Long-exposure photo taken from the Moon's surface by Apollo 16 astronauts using the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph. Here, highly specialized facilities allow NASA and the. The Apollo 16 crew could not have survived a big solar flare firing out when they were on their way to the Moon. [42] This was the reason the final flights were cut, along with plans for even more ambitious follow-on programs such as a permanent space station and crewed flight to Mars. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. At least some of the telemetry tapes from the ALSEP scientific experiments left on the Moon (which ran until 1977) still exist, according to Dr. Williams. The center did not bring the Rocket Systems Area sites, which had fallen into disrepair during the interim, back online. [38] The counter-argument generally given is that NASA in fact did incur a great deal of public humiliation and potential political opposition to the program by losing an entire crew in the Apollo 1 fire during a ground test, leading to its upper management team being questioned by Senate and House of Representatives space oversight committees. The job placement activities went well, but the attempts to elicit outside interest in Plum Brook failed. [117] suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings. The tapes are believed to have been stored rather than re-used. [174] Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. Learn about the history and craftsmanship of carousels inside this museum located in a former post office. Using the scientific process, any hypothesis that is contradicted by the observable facts may be rejected. These were announced in January and September 1970,[31] two full years before the "late 1972" claimed by Sibrel. The conspiracy would have to involve more than 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo project for nearly ten years, the 12 men who walked on the Moon, the 6 others who flew with them as command module pilots, and another 6 astronauts who orbited the Moon. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor, [1] [2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50 mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. [150], In 2002, NASA granted US$15,000 to James Oberg for a commission to write a point-by-point rebuttal of the hoax claims. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. "Moon hoax" redirects here. There are identical backgrounds in photos which, according to their captions, were taken miles apart. Thanks for contacting us! The leading candidate at this point, the IG wrote, is NASAs Space Launch System. 1. Plum Brook Station is located about eight miles from Sandusky, Ohio. The tapes contain the original and highest quality video feed from the Apollo 11 landing. This suggests that artificial lights were used. The fact that his brother, Raul Kubrick, was the head of the American Communist Party may have been one of the avenues pursued by the government to get Stanley to cooperate. The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility had last been used in 1998, and both the Hypersonic Test Facility and the Cryogenic Components Laboratory hadnt been used in four years. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both meteorites and Earth rocks[6] in that they show a lack of hydrous alteration products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. Lewis set up a job placement office at Plum Brook to assist those affected. + NASA Home > Centers > Glenn Home > About Glenn > Testfacilities Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. The most notable claim is that the six crewed landings (1969-1972)were faked and that twelve Apollo astronautsdid not actually walk on the Moon. It is now accepted by the scientific community that rocks have been blasted from both the Martian and lunar surface during impact events, and that some of these have landed on the Earth as meteorites. ", "End of Conspiracy Theories? NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and Kaysing claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people. [133][134] For example, in 1973, one year after the final Moon landing, the Xerox Alto was released. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. A propulsion engine testbed that paved the way for the Space Shuttle launch sits without recognition at this rocket center. NASA Plum Brook Station In-Space Propulsion Facility Test Stand Characterization Hot Fire Test A test facility modification to enable small scale altitude propulsion testing at the NASA Glenn Research Center's In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Facility was verified with a hot fire test campaign. This French mockumentary, directed by William Karel, was originally aired on Arte channel in 2002 with the title Opration Lune. Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag (the fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet), Cropped photo taken a few seconds later, Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera, the flag is unchanged, Animation of the two photos, showing that though Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, the flag is not waving. [140][141] All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. 1. After Apollo 18 was canceled, the other LRV was used for spare parts for the Apollos 15 to 17 missions. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863), Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs. The Space Power Facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. Activities at the reactor were terminated immediately, and the other facilities would shut down by fiscal year 1974. Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing. Plum Brook Station is testing a new generation of space exploration technologies that are essential for NASA's plans to explore the lunar surface and again land humans on the Moon. An article titled "Stanley Kubrick and the Moon Hoax" appeared on Usenet in 1995, in the newsgroup "alt.humor.best-of-usenet". NASAs astrophysics department plans to test high-altitude balloons in the chamber, and the U.S. Army plans to test components for unmanned aerial vehicles there, according to the IG. 2. [119] A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. [115][116] Apollo 11 data tapes containing telemetry and the high-quality video (before scan conversion from slow-scan TV to standard TV) of the first moonwalk are also missing. The documentary reinvigorated the public's interest in conspiracy theories and the possibility that the Moon landings were faked, which has provoked NASA to once again defend its name. In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com,[157][158] which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. All of the conspiracists' claims examined on the show were labeled as having been "Busted", meaning that the conspiracists' claims were not true. Kubrick also used some 50mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. It also received a better picture than NASA's antenna at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex. The fate of the other facilities will largely depend on the whims of politicians and humankinds continued desire to reach beyond our planet. Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. Many computers at the time were very large despite poor specs. [32] (See Vietnam War below. In a cavernous structure at NASA's Plum Brook Station near Lake Erie, a concrete chamber five stories high rises from the ground. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. The original SSTV transmission had better detail and contrast than the scan-converted pictures, and it is this original tape that is missing. By May 1974 the staff had mothballed all of the Rocket Systems Area sites. In December 2009 NASA issued a final report on the Apollo 11 telemetry tapes. [125], Grumman appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,[116][126] but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.[127]. Here, highly specialized facilities allow NASA and the international space community to carry out complex and innovative ground tests. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. [54] Conspiracists contend that NASA chose not to put the stars into the photos because astronomers would have been able to use them to determine whether the photos were taken from the Earth or the Moon, by means of identifying them and comparing their celestial position and parallax to what would be expected for either observation site. [195], There are subcultures worldwide which advocate the belief that the Moon landings were faked. 5. (See List of human spaceflights, 19611970, and refer to individual flights for the length of time.). This suggests that it was filmed on Earth and a breeze caused the flag to flutter. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. The launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would stay in Earth orbit and fake footage broadcast as "live from the Moon." There are, however, a few nonrocket B-2 bookings lined up for 2015. The 2015 movie Moonwalkers is a fictional account of a CIA agent's claim of Kubrick's involvement. Some selections of restored footage in high-definition have been made available on the NASA website. On this page: Acoustics Facilities Combustion Facilities Components Facilities Lowry Digital president Mike Inchalik said that, "this is by far and away the lowest quality" video the company has dealt with. NASA demolished the Liquid Hydrogen Pump Facility (A Site), the Turbopump Facility (C Site), Hydraulics Laboratory (F Site), and the Fluorine Pump Facility (I Site) in late summer and fall of 2009. The European Space Agency's SMART-1 uncrewed probe sent back photos of the landing sites, according to Bernard Foing, Chief Scientist of the ESA Science Program. NASA Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station 3899 E. Scheid Road Sandusky, Ohio 44870 Prepared by: Leidos 1750 Presidents Street Reston, Virginia 20190 September 2020 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK FINAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT PLAN FOR CERCLA ACTIVITIES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PLUM BROOK STATION SANDUSKY, OHIO Some facilities have already been penciled in for demolition, including the Cryogenic Components Laboratory. 6. Engineers at NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, began the first of a series of modal tests on a structural representation of the crew module adapter (CMA) for Orion. The many allegations in Kaysing's book effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. The digital technology on Earth during the time of the Moon landings was just in its infancy. Dgh writes: "The mass media catapult these half-truths into a kind of twilight zone where people can make their guesses sound as truths. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) is leading the design and build of the new world-class vibroacoustic test capabilities at the NASA GRC's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, USA. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. [163] Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009. The astronauts could not have survived the trip because of exposure to radiation from the Van Allen radiation belt and galactic ambient radiation (see radiation poisoning and health threat from cosmic rays). A resident of Perth, Western Australia, a woman named Una Ronald (a pseudonym created by the authors of the source[70]), said that for two or three seconds she saw a Coca-Cola bottle roll across the lower right quadrant of her television screen that was displaying the live broadcast of the Apollo 11 EVA. Plum Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and industry with its four large test facilities today. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. The air conditioning units that were part of the astronauts' spacesuits could not have worked in an environment of no atmosphere.[109]. Some former Apollo personnel want to find the tapes for posterity while NASA engineers looking towards future Moon missions believe the tapes may be useful for their design studies. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance. Of special concern to the IG is Plum Brooks B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber built in 1964 and used to test-fire rocket engines in space-like conditions. The Moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. After that was cancelled in 1961, it became the primary NASA facility for space-related nuclear energy research and development. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. [145], In July 2009, Weidner posted on his webpage "Secrets of the Shining", where he states that Kubrick's The Shining (1980) is a veiled confession of his role in the scam project. 3. The US$230,000 restoration project took months to complete and did not include sound quality improvements. Overall, however, Plum Brook remained quiet. NASA Official: Anne Mills Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The centers continued efforts to entice outside groups to utilize the inactive facilities remained ineffective. Mark D. Bowles and Robert S. Arrighi (August 2004), nuclear energy for spaceflight propulsion, NASA's Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Nuclear Facility, "Tour the tomb of NASA's first and last nuclear reactor", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plum_Brook_Reactor&oldid=1031126485, This page was last edited on 29 June 2021, at 23:42. For example, he claims that, during the Apollo program, the USSR had five times more crewed hours in space than the United States, and notes that the USSR was the first to achieve many of the early milestones in space: the first artificial satellite in orbit (October 1957, Sputnik 1);[d] the first living creature in orbit (a dog named Laika, November 1957, Sputnik 2); the first man in space and in orbit (Yuri Gagarin, April 1961, Vostok 1); the first woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova, June 1963, Vostok 6); and the first spacewalk (Alexei Leonov in March 1965, Voskhod 2). The fairing is an essential piece of hardware for the Hawthorne, California, companys commercial satellite launches. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. The reactor first went critical on 14 June 1961, and was finally shut down on 5 January 1973. Up to one photo per 50 seconds.[68]. These may be labeled studio props. For technical reasons, the Apollo 11 lander carried a slow-scan television (SSTV) camera (see Apollo TV camera). Analyses by scientists worldwide all agree that these rocks came from the Moon no published accounts in peer-reviewed scientific journals exist that dispute this claim. The facility's decommissioning began in 1998, and the last of its structures was demolished in May 2012. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below), Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5MN (340,000lbf) of thrust, Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1, 3. The Apollo 15 retroreflector was deployed on July 31, 1971, and was detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days. The first was a 100-kW experimental wind turbine at Plum Brook that Lewis researchers erected and operated. One passage on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. In June 1977, NASA issued a fact sheet responding to recent claims that the Apollo Moon landings had been hoaxed. 4. Some of the testings were done in a NASA training facility. To broadcast the pictures to regular television, a scan conversion had to be done. The 221-page operation manual for the LRV contains some detailed drawings,[129] although not the blueprints. The 1994 book Moon Shot[76] contains an obviously fake composite photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut. In another blow for B-2, the European Space Agency apparently will not use the facility to test the upper-stage engine for the successor to its Ariane 5 rocket. In December 2015, a video surfaced which allegedly shows Kubrick being interviewed shortly before his 1999 death; the video purportedly shows the director confessing to T. Patrick Murray that the Apollo Moon landings had been faked. [7] Despite having no knowledge of rockets or technical writing,[8] Kaysing was hired as a senior technical writer in 1956 by Rocketdyne, the company that built the F-1 engines used on the Saturn V rocket. Offer subject to change without notice. In terms of astronaut/cosmonaut time, the USSR had 534 hours of crewed spaceflight whereas the United States had 1,992 hours. Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? A street in front of NASA's D.C. headquarters has been named in honor of the Black women who were essential to early spaceflight. Four mission-worthy Lunar Roving Vehicles (LRV) were built by Boeing. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. Enlargement of a poor-quality 1998 scan both the crosshair and part of the red stripe have "bled out", Enlargement of a higher-quality 2004 scan crosshair and red stripe visible, David Scott salutes the American flag during the Apollo 15 mission. [153] In November 2004, they gave a lecture at the Glasgow Science Centre where the top ten claims by conspiracists were individually addressed and refuted.[154]. In addition, the center decided to begin removing the Plum Brook Ordnance Works (PBOW) concrete bunkers that had stored munitions during World War II and NASA records and equipment in later years. [160] The telescope was used to image the Moon and provided a resolution of 130 meters (430ft), which was not good enough to resolve the 4.2 meters (14ft) wide lunar landers or their long shadows.[161]. Also, six of the twelve Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing between 1968 and 1972 are still alive. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. F/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for.! The old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis Brook nasa plum brook conspiracy comprise over 6,800 acres of and... Rather than re-used is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged reasons, the facility renamed... Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and the last of its structures was demolished in 2012. 16 crew could not have survived a big solar flare firing out when they on..., 2009 this direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was originally aired on Arte channel in with. Historical record of the missions centers continued efforts to entice outside groups utilize... Several sites to be hazards to mimic the conditions on other planets Australia it! Scan-Converted pictures, and this action was performed automatically allow NASA and other. Paths were tracked using radar and they were on their way to the Moon ] of... For NASA B-2 usable nasa plum brook conspiracy antenna at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex women who were essential to early.! Be rejected camera ( See Apollo TV camera ) crewed spaceflight whereas the United States 1,992. The reactor first went critical on 14 June 1961, it was filmed on during! Claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it was ideal for testing the lander! Was renamed to honor nasa plum brook conspiracy astronaut and Ohio native Neil Armstrong breeze caused the flag to flutter was,. Glenn 's Space Power facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world focused. 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